① It is suitable for high - energy - consuming enterprises such as steel and chemical industries, which can balance the power grid load and reduce costs by taking advantage of peak - valley electricity prices.
② It is applicable to data centers and semiconductor manufacturing enterprises as a backup power source to ensure production.
③ It is also suitable for industrial parks rich in distributed energy to achieve local energy consumption.

① It can be used for peak - shaving and valley - filling in shopping malls and office buildings to reduce electricity bills.
② It serves as an emergency power source in hotels and hospitals to ensure the operation of key equipment.
③ For commercial buildings with distributed photovoltaic power, it stores surplus electricity and improves the energy self - sufficiency rate.

① Equipment procurement (battery packs, converters, etc.).
② Installation and commissioning (construction, wiring, etc.).
③ Civil engineering (if an energy storage machine room is built).
④ Operation and maintenance (equipment maintenance, battery replacement, etc.).
⑤ And capital costs (such as loan interest).

① Select appropriate equipment with protection functions such as over - heat, over - current, and over - discharge protection.
② Use a Battery Management System (BMS) to monitor battery parameters in real - time.
③ Ensure that the installation is carried out in accordance with specifications, with proper electrical connections and fire - fighting facilities in place.
④ Conduct regular inspections and replace aging or faulty equipment. Use intelligent monitoring for remote real - time monitoring.

It can be determined from the capacity, charge - discharge efficiency, appearance, and internal resistance. If the capacity is lower than 80% of the rated capacity, the charge - discharge efficiency decreases significantly, the appearance shows bulging, leakage, or deformation, or the internal resistance increases significantly as monitored by the BMS, replacement is usually required.

Use active or passive equalization.
① Active equalization balances the battery charge by transferring energy, for example, using a DC - DC converter.
② Passive equalization balances the charge by dissipating energy through parallel resistors.
③ Regular charge - discharge tests can be carried out for calibration, and abnormal batteries can be screened and processed.

① Check whether the electrical connections are loose.
② Check whether the input voltage is abnormal.
③ Check whether the power devices (such as IGBTs) are damaged.
④ Check for faults in the cooling system (e.g., non - rotating fans or blocked channels).
⑤ Check the status of the control circuit or sensors, etc.

① Inspect the appearance and clean dust.
② Check electrical connections.
③ Measure voltage, current, and output waveforms.
④ Check the cooling fans.
⑤ Update the local software version, etc.

① Reserve a certain amount of redundancy in both hardware and software during the design phase.
② Conduct regular maintenance and upgrades, and optimize the local program in a timely manner.
③ Establish a comprehensive operating system based on the equipment characteristics and operating conditions.
④ Improve the technical and emergency response capabilities of the operation and maintenance personnel.

① Ensure heat dissipation during high temperatures and strengthen battery monitoring.
② Check for waterproofing, fixing, and lightning protection grounding during heavy rain.
③ Conduct a comprehensive inspection and testing after extreme weather to ensure the normal operation of the system.